Children’s nervous systems, immune systems, and even DNA are altered as a result of extended stress responses. Children with toxic stress can develop symptoms very similar to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as a result of an increase in their fear centers in the brain (limbic system and amygdala). There is evidence that toxic stress decreases the size and impairs the functioning of the brain regions responsible for learning, memory, and executive function (prefrontal cortex, hippocampus). Consequently, the child is at risk for learning and behavior problems. A suppressed immune system places the child at risk for developing chronic, lifelong health conditions such as asthma, heart disease, stroke, autoimmune disease, and cancer. DNA is altered in such a way that it affects the child’s body functions and can potentially be passed on to future generations.

How can we help children overcome the effects of toxic stress?

It is possible for children to heal from toxic stress if they develop healthy relationships with reliable, safe, compassionate adults who guide them through the healing process. Children can heal from traumatic experiences by helping them build resilience – the ability to overcome adversity. Providing children with opportunities to master skills and develop effective strategies for dealing with stress and adversity can help them develop resilience over time. Among the factors that contribute to resilience are:

• Building a sense of self-efficacy and perceived control
• Providing opportunities to strengthen adaptive skills and self-regulatory capacities
• Mobilizing sources of faith, hope and cultural traditions